采用OSS进行音频编程时应当遵循的一般性框架：

（1）打开音频设备；

（2）设置采样格式（即量化位数）；

（3）设置声道数（单声道或者立体声）；

（4）设置采样率（即采样速度）；

（5）从设备读入数据或者向设备写入数据；

（6）关闭音频设备；

上述过程中，第（6）可选，因为在进程正常或非正常退出时都会关闭它所打开的文件描述字，这样也就把音频设备的资源释放了。但是，除此之外的五个步骤是不能缺少的，并且顺序也不能颠倒（OSS编程指南对此的说明是：在指定声道数之前设置采样率不能在所有的音频硬件上工作——如果在将声卡设置为高采样率模式之后更改了声道数，应用程序将出现不正确的行为。同时，必须在使用read()或者write()调用读写数据之前设置采样率）。

这是作者编写的一个读写/dev/dsp设备的小程序，可以用它来录制一段声音，也可以用来将录制到文件中的声音播放出来。除此之外，还可以通过命令行参数指定设备参数，如：采样率、量化位数、声道数、要录制的声音长度，等等。详细的命令行参数解释如下：

SndKit [-h] [-d device] [-c channel] [-b bits] [-f hz] [-l len] <-r|-p file>

其中：

¨     -h：打印帮助信息；

¨     -d：指定要读写的音频设备（默认为/dev/dsp）；

¨     -c：指定使用的声道数（默认为MONO，单声道）；

¨     -b：指定量化位数（默认为8位无符号整数）；

¨     -f：指定采样频率（默认为8KHz）；

¨     -l：指定录制的声音文件的长度（默认为1024，单位为KB）；

¨     -r file：录制声音，file存放录制的声音数据；

¨     -p file：播放file文件中存储的声音数据。

注意：-h，-r，-p这三个选项不能同时出现在命令行上。比如，可以通过下面的命令录制一段声音：

[root@cyc source]# ./SndKit -c 2 -b 16 -f 48 -r cyc.wav

采用的是双声道立体声、16位量化位数、48KHz采样频率、录制的声音保存在cyc.wav文件中，要录制的声音长度采用默认值1024KB。录制好之后，可以通过下面的命令播放出来：

[root@cyc source]# ./SndKit -c 2 -b 16 -f 48 -p cyc.wav

sound data play complete!

需要注意的是，录制时采用的是什么样的参数，播放时就应该采用同样的参数，否则将会出错。

下面直接给出源代码：

/*
  Name: SndKit.c
  Copyright: GPLv2
  Author: rockins(ybc2084@163.com)
  Date: 15-10-06 18:22
  Description: implent raw sound record/play

  run: ./SndKit [-h] [-d device] [-c channel] [-b bits] [-f hz] [-l len] <-r|-p file>
  e.g.:
  ./SndKit -h     show help information
  ./SndKit -r record.wav                   record audio from microphone(/dev/dsp)
  ./SndKit -d /dev/dsp -p record.wav        playback record.wav via /dev/dsp
  ./SndKit -b 8 -f 22 -r reacord.wav        record audio in 8 bit & 22k hz
  ./SndKit -d /dev/dsp -c 2 -r record.wav   record audio in /dev/dsp and stereo
  ./SndKit -r -l 40 record.wav   record 40k audio data
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <linux/soundcard.h> /*for OSS style sound programing */

#define TRUE  1
#define FALSE  0

#define FMT8BITS AFMT_U8 /*unsigned 8 bits(for almost PC) */
#define FMT16BITS AFMT_S16_LE /*signed 16 bits,little endian */

#define FMT8K    8000 /*default sampling rate */
#define FMT11K   11025 /*11,22,44,48 are three pop rate */
#define FMT22K   22050
#define FMT44K   44100
#define FMT48K  48000

#define MONO     1
#define STEREO   2

#define ACT_RECORD 0
#define ACT_PLAY 1

#define DFT_SND_DEV  "/dev/dsp"
#define DFT_SND_FMT  FMT8BITS
#define DFT_SND_SPD  FMT8K
#define DFT_SND_CHN  MONO

#define DFT_LEN  1024 /*default record length:40k */
#define BUFF_SIZE  512 /*buffer size:512 Bytes */

/************** function prototype ********************/

void Usage(void);
int OpenDevice(const char *, unsigned int);
int OpenFile(const char *, unsigned int);
int CloseDevice(unsigned int);
int CloseFile(unsigned int);

/************** function implementation **************/

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    unsigned int snd_fmt = DFT_SND_FMT; /*sound format,bits */
    unsigned int snd_chn = DFT_SND_CHN; /*sound channel number */
    unsigned int snd_spd = DFT_SND_SPD; /*sound speed,frequency */
    unsigned char *s_file = NULL; /*file hold sound data */
    unsigned char *snd_device = DFT_SND_DEV; /*sound device */
    unsigned int recd_or_play = ACT_PLAY; /*flag(default play) */
    unsigned char buff[BUFF_SIZE]; /*sound buffer */
    unsigned long len = DFT_LEN * 1024; /*record or play length(k) */
    int snd_fd;   /*sound device descriptor */
    int s_fd;   /*sound data file descrit */
    ssize_t n;   /*bytes already in or out */
    ssize_t nRD;  /*bytes readin */
    ssize_t nWR;  /*bytes write out */
    unsigned int opt_chr; /*hold cli option */
    unsigned int opt_err = FALSE; /*indicate whether parse option error */

    /*parse cli option via getopt routine */
    optind = 0;    /*set optindex to 0 */
    while ((opt_chr = getopt(argc, argv, "hd:c:b:f:l:r:p:")) != -1) {
 switch (opt_chr) {
 case 'h':
     Usage();
     return (0);   /*return, 0 denote success */
     break;
 case 'd':
     snd_device = optarg; /*sound device name */
     break;
 case 'c':
     if (atoi(optarg) == 1) /*select channel number */
  snd_chn = MONO;
     else if (atoi(optarg) == 2)
  snd_chn = STEREO;
     else {
  opt_err = 1;  /*error occur */
  fprintf(stderr, "wrong channel setting,"
   "should be 1 or 2(default 1,MONO)\n");
     }
     break;
 case 'b':
     if (atoi(optarg) == 8) /*select data bit */
  snd_fmt = FMT8BITS;
     else if (atoi(optarg) == 16)
  snd_fmt = FMT16BITS;
     else {
  opt_err = 1;  /*error occur */
  fprintf(stderr, "wrong bits setting,"
   "should be 8 or 16(default 8)\n");
     }
     break;
 case 'f':
     if (atoi(optarg) == 8)
  snd_spd = FMT8K; /*sampling rate:8kbps */
     else if (atoi(optarg) == 11)
  snd_spd = FMT11K; /*smapling rate:11.025k */
     else if (atoi(optarg) == 22)
  snd_spd = FMT22K; /*sampling rate:22.050k */
     else if (atoi(optarg) == 44)
  snd_spd = FMT44K; /*sampling rate:44.100k */
     else if (atoi(optarg) == 48)
  snd_spd = FMT48K; /*sampling rate:48k */
     else {
  opt_err = 1;  /*error occur */
  fprintf(stderr, "wrong sampling rate,"
   "should be 8,11,22,or 44(default 8kbps)\n");
     }
     break;
 case 'l':
     len = atoi(optarg) * 1024; /*record length(k) */
     break;
 case 'r':
     recd_or_play = ACT_RECORD;
     s_file = optarg;  /*file to record sound */
     break;
 case 'p':
     recd_or_play = ACT_PLAY;
     s_file = optarg;  /*file to play sound */
     break;
 case '?':
     opt_err = 1;
     fprintf(stderr, "unknown option:%c\n", optopt);
     break;
 default:
     opt_err = 1;
     fprintf(stderr, "getopt error:%d\n", opterr);
     break;
 }
    }

    /*check if cli option parsed right*/
    if (opt_err || argc < 2) {
 fprintf(stderr, "parse command option failed!!!\n"
  "run ./SndKit -h for help\n");
 return (-1);
    }

    /*open device */
    if ((snd_fd = OpenDevice(snd_device, recd_or_play)) < 0) {
 fprintf(stderr, "cannot open device %s:%s\n", snd_device,
  strerror(errno));
 return (-1);
    }

    /*open sound data file */
    if ((s_fd = OpenFile(s_file, recd_or_play)) < 0) {
 fprintf(stderr, "cannot open sound file %s:%s\n", s_file,
  strerror(errno));
 return (-1);
    }

    /*set sound format */
    if (SetFormat(snd_fd, snd_fmt, snd_chn, snd_spd) < 0) {
 fprintf(stderr, "cannot set %s in bit %d, channel %d, speed %d\n",
  snd_device, snd_fmt, snd_chn, snd_spd);
 return (-1);
    }

    /*do real action:record or playback */
    if (recd_or_play == ACT_RECORD) {  /*record sound into data file*/
 n = 0;
 while (n < len) {
     nRD = 0;  /*amount read from sound device */
     if ((nRD = read(snd_fd, buff, BUFF_SIZE)) < 0) {
  perror("read sound device failed");
  return (-1);
     }

     if (n + nRD <= len) /*the len is not full */
  nWR = nRD; /*write amount to sound data file */
     else
  nWR = len - n; /*len will be overflow */

     unsigned long old_nWR = nWR; /*s hold nWR's old value */
     unsigned long t = 0L;  /*temp counter */
    
     while (nWR > 0) {
  if ((t = write(s_fd, buff, nWR)) < 0) {
      perror("write sound data file failed");
      return (-1);
  }
  nWR -= t;
     }
     n += old_nWR;
 }
    } else if (recd_or_play == ACT_PLAY) { /*write sound data to device*/
 while (TRUE) {
     nRD = 0L;   /*read amount from sound device */
     if ((nRD = read(s_fd, buff, BUFF_SIZE)) < 0) {
  perror("read sound data file failed");
  return (-1);
     } else if (nRD == 0) { /*nRD == 0 means all sound stream output */
  printf("sound data play complete!\n");
  exit(0);
     }

     nWR = nRD;
     while (nWR > 0) {  /*write into device*/
  if ((n = write(snd_fd, buff, nWR)) < 0) {
      perror("write sound device file failed");
      return (-1);
  }
  nWR -= n;
     }
 }
    }

    /*close sound device and sound data file*/
    CloseDevice(snd_fd);
    CloseFile(s_fd);

    return (0);
}

/*
 * OpenDevice():open sound device
 * params:
 * dev_name -- device name,such as /dev/dsp
 * flag -- flag(ACT_RECORD or ACT_PLAY)
 * returns:
 * file descriptor of sound device if sucess
 * -1 if failed
 */
int OpenDevice(const char *dev_name, unsigned int flag)
{
    int dev_fd;

    /*open sound device */
    if (flag == ACT_RECORD) {
 if ((dev_fd = open(dev_name, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
     return (-1);
 }
    } else if (flag == ACT_PLAY) {
 if ((dev_fd = open(dev_name, O_WRONLY)) < 0) {
     return (-1);
 }
    }

    return (dev_fd);
}

/*
 * CloseDevice():close the sound device
 * params:
 * dev_fd -- the sound device's file descriptor
 * returns:
 * 0 if success
 * -1 if error occured
 */
int CloseDevice(unsigned int dev_fd)
{
    return (close(dev_fd));
}

/*
 * OpenFile():open sound data file
 * params:
 * file_name -- file name,e.g,record.wav
 * flag -- flag(ACT_RECORD or ACT_PLAY)
 * returns:
 * file descriptor of sound data file if sucess
 * -1 if failed
 */
int OpenFile(const char *file_name, unsigned int flag)
{
    int file_fd;

    /*open sound data file */
    if (flag == ACT_RECORD) {
 if ((file_fd = open(file_name, O_WRONLY)) < 0) {
     return (-1);
 }
    } else if (flag == ACT_PLAY) {
 if ((file_fd = open(file_name, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
     return (-1);
 }
    }

    return (file_fd);
}

/*
 * CloseFile():close the sound data file
 * params:
 * file_fd -- the sound data file's descriptor
 * returns:
 * 0 if success
 * -1 if error occured
 */
int CloseFile(unsigned int file_fd)
{
    return (close(file_fd));
}

/*
 * SetFormat():Set Record and Playback format
 * params;
 * fd -- device file descriptor
 * chn -- channel(MONO or STEREO)
 * bits -- FMT8BITS(8bits), FMT16BITS(16bits)
 * hz -- FMT8K(8000HZ), FMT16K(16000HZ), FMT22K(22000HZ),
 *  FMT44K(44000HZ),FMT48K(48000HZ)
 * returns:
 * return 0 if success, else return -1
 * notes:
 * parameter setting order should be like as:
 *  1.sample format(number of bits)
 *  2.number of channels(mono or stereo)
 *  3.sampling rate(speed)
 */
int SetFormat(unsigned int fd, unsigned int bits, unsigned int chn,
       unsigned int hz)
{
    int ioctl_val;

    /* set bit format */
    ioctl_val = bits;
    if (ioctl(fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT, &ioctl_val) == -1) {
 fprintf(stderr, "Set fmt to bit %d failed:%s\n", bits,
  strerror(errno));
 return (-1);
    }
    if (ioctl_val != bits) {
 fprintf(stderr, "do not support bit %d, supported %d\n", bits,
  ioctl_val);
 return (-1);
    }

    /*set channel */
    ioctl_val = chn;
    if ((ioctl(fd, SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS, &ioctl_val)) == -1) {
 fprintf(stderr, "Set Audio Channels %d failed:%s\n", chn,
  strerror(errno));
 return (-1);
    }
    if (ioctl_val != chn) {
 fprintf(stderr, "do not support channel %d,supported %d\n", chn,
  ioctl_val);
 return (-1);
    }

    /*set speed */
    ioctl_val = hz;
    if (ioctl(fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SPEED, &ioctl_val) == -1) {
 fprintf(stderr, "Set speed to %d failed:%s\n", hz,
  strerror(errno));
 return (-1);
    }
    if (ioctl_val != hz) {
 fprintf(stderr, "do not support speed %d,supported is %d\n", hz,
  ioctl_val);
 return (-1);
    }

    return (0);
}

/*
 * Usage():print help information
 * params:(none)
 * returns:(none)
 */
void Usage(void)
{
    printf
 ("run: ./SndKit [-h] [-d device] [-c channel] [-b bits] [-f hz] [-l len] <-r|-p file>\n"
  "Description: implent raw sound record/play\n" "option:\n"
  "\t -h: print help informations\n"
  "\t -d device: assign sound device to record or playback(default /dev/dsp)\n"
  "\t -c channel: indicate in MONO or STEREO channel(default MONO)\n"
  "\t -b bits: assign sampling bits depth(default 8bits unsigned)\n"
  "\t -f hz: indicate sampling rate,i.e,frequence(default 8kbps)\n"
  "\t -l len: indicate recording sound's length(default 1024k)\n"
  "\t -r|-p file: indicate record in or playback(no default,must give out explicitly)\n"
  "e.g.:\n"
  "\t ./SndKit -h    show help information\n"
  "\t ./SndKit -r record.wav   record audio from microphone(/dev/dsp)\n"
  "\t ./SndKit -d /dev/dsp -p record.wav playback record.wav via /dev/dsp\n"
  "\t ./SndKit -b 8 -f 22 -r reacord.wav record audio in 8 bit & 22k hz\n"
  "\t ./SndKit -d /dev/dsp -c 2 -r record.wav record audio in /dev/dsp and stereo\n"
  "\t ./SndKit -r -l 40 record.wav  record 40k audio data in record.wav\n");
}