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使用getopt_long()从命令行获取参数

jackyhwei 发布于 2011-06-16 15:30 点击:次 
众所周知,C程序的主函数有两个参数,其中,第一个参数是整型,可以获得包括程序名字的参数个数,第二个参数是字符数组指针或字符指针的指针,可以按顺序获得命令行上各个字符串参数。
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众所周知,C程序的主函数有两个参数,其中,第一个参数是整型,可以获得包括程序名字的参数个数,第二个参数是字符数组指针或字符指针的指针,可以按顺序获得命令行上各个字符串参数。其原形是:
int main(int argc, char *argv[]);
或者
int main(int argc, char **argv);
 
如果有一个解析CDR的程序,名叫destroy,负责将一个二进制格式的CDR文件转换为文本文件,输出的文本的样式由另外一个描述文件定义,那么,命令行要求输入的参数就有三个:CDR文件名、输出文件名和描述文件名。其中,前两个参数是必须输入的,第三个的描述文件名可以不输入,程序会自动采用默认的输出样式。很自然,主函数的三个参数就应该这样排列:
./destroy cdr cdr.txt [cdr.desc]
 
这样做在一般情况下不会有太大问题,问题来源于扩展性的需求。如果有一天,用户要求解析程序能够按关键字解析,只有含有关键字的CDR才能够输出。解决方法很简单,只要在参数列表的最后,加上它就可以了。不过,这样就使得原本可选的描述文件名变为必须输入:
./destroy cdr cdr.txt cdr.desc [keyword]
 
因为不改的话,你就不知道,第三个参数究竟是描述文件名,还是关键字。现在还算好办,如果以后陆续有增加参数的需求,关键字也变成必须输入了,这个时候,如果要查找全部CDR,你还得定义一个“特殊的关键字”,告诉程序,把数据统统给我捞出来……
 
有鉴于此,在Unix/Linux的正式的项目上,程序员通常会使用getopt()或者getopt_long()来获得输入的参数。两者的一个区别在于getopt()只支持短格式参数,而getopt_long()既支持短格式参数,又支持长格式参数。
短格式:./destroy -f cdr -o cdr.txt -c cdr.desc -k 123456
长格式:./destroy --file cdr --output cdr.txt --config cdr.desc --keyword 123456
 
引入了getopt()和getopt_long()的项目,设计者可以按需要,方便地增加参数,或者随意地放置参数的先后次序,只需要在程序中判断,哪些参数是必须的就可以了。关于这两个函数的用法,大家可以上网搜索一下,不再累述。附件destroy_linux.c给出了在Linux下使用getopt_long()的实例。
 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <getopt.h>

void print_usage(const char *program_name) {
    printf("%s 1.0.0 (2010-06-13)\n", program_name);
    printf("This is a program decoding a BER encoded CDR file\n");
    printf("Usage: %s -f <file_name> -o <output_name> [-c <config_name>] [-k <keyword>]\n", program_name);
    printf("    -f --file       the CDR file to be decoded\n");
    printf("    -o --output     the output file in plain text format\n");
    printf("    -c --config     the description file of the CDR file, if not given, use default configuration\n");
    printf("    -k --keyword    the keyword to search, if not given, all records will be written into output file\n");
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    char *file_name = NULL;
    char *output_name = NULL;
    char *config_name = NULL;
    char *keyword = NULL;

    const char *short_opts = "hf:o:c:k:";
    const struct option long_opts[] = {
        {"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
        {"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},
        {"output", required_argument, NULL, 'o'},
        {"config", required_argument, NULL, 'c'},
        {"keyword", required_argument, NULL, 'k'},
        {0, 0, 0, 0}
    };
    int hflag = 0;

    int c;
    opterr = 0;

    while ( (c = getopt_long(argc, argv, short_opts, long_opts, NULL)) != -1 ) {
        switch ( c ) {
            case 'h' :
                hflag = 1;
                break;
            case 'f' :
                file_name = optarg;
                break;
            case 'o' :
                output_name = optarg;
                break;
            case 'c' :
                config_name = optarg;
                break;
            case 'k' :
                keyword = optarg;
                break;
            case '?' :
                if ( optopt == 'f' || optopt == 'o' || optopt == 'c' || optopt == 'k' )
                    printf("Error: option -%c requires an argument\n", optopt);
                else if ( isprint(optopt) )
                    printf("Error: unknown option '-%c'\n", optopt);
                else
                    printf("Error: unknown option character '\\x%x'\n", optopt);
                return 1;
            default :
                abort();
        }
    }

    if ( hflag || argc == 1 ) {
        print_usage(argv[0]);
        return 0;
    }
    if ( !file_name ) {
        printf("Error: file name must be specified\n");
        return 1;
    }
    if ( !output_name ) {
        printf("Error: output name must be specified\n");
        return 1;
    }

    // if not setting default, Linux OK, but SunOS core dump
    if ( !config_name ) config_name = "(null)";
    if ( !keyword ) keyword = "(null)";
    printf("Parameters got: file_name = %s, output_name = %s, config_name = %s, keyword = %s\n", file_name, output_name, config_name, keyword);
    return 0;
}
另外一个区别是,getopt()几乎通用于所有类Unix系统,而getopt_long()只有在GNU的Unix/Linux下才能用。如果把上述程序放到Tru64上编译,就会出现以下错误:

cc -o destroy destroy_linux.c

cc: Error: destroy_linux.c, line 24: In the initializer for long_opts, an array's element type is incomplete, which precludes its initialization. (incompelinit)

                {"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},

----------------^

所以,如果一定要在Tru64等非GNU的OS上做到长格式的效果,除了自己另起炉灶之外,基本上只好借助一些跨平台的开源项目了。附件里的getopt_long.c和getopt.h是从opensolaris的网站上抄下来的,是包含在sg3_utils软件包中的程序。sg3_utils具体是什么,我也不知道,据说是一个Linux的开发包,用来直接使用SCSI命令集访问设备。(sg3_utils is a package of utilities for accessing devices that use SCSI command sets.)反正拿来能用就是了!
getopt.h

/*    $NetBSD: getopt.h,v 1.7 2005/02/03 04:39:32 perry Exp $    */

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
 * by Dieter Baron and Thomas Klausner.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *        This product includes software developed by the NetBSD
 *        Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its
 *    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
 *    from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
 * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
 * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*
 * modified May 12, 2005 by Jim Basney <jbasney@ncsa.uiuc.edu>
 *
 * removed #include of non-POSIX <sys/cdefs.h> and <sys/featuretest.h>
 * removed references to _NETBSD_SOURCE and HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H
 * added #if !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG
 * removed __BEGIN_DECLS and __END_DECLS
 */

#ifndef _MYPROXY_GETOPT_H_
#define _MYPROXY_GETOPT_H_

#if !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG

#include <unistd.h>

/*
 * Gnu like getopt_long() and BSD4.4 getsubopt()/optreset extensions
 */
#define no_argument        0
#define required_argument  1
#define optional_argument  2

extern char *optarg;
extern int optind;
extern int optopt;
extern int opterr;

struct option {
    /* name of long option */
    const char *name;
    /*
     * one of no_argument, required_argument, and optional_argument:
     * whether option takes an argument
     */
    int has_arg;
    /* if not NULL, set *flag to val when option found */
    int *flag;
    /* if flag not NULL, value to set *flag to; else return value */
    int val;
};

int getopt_long(int, char * const *, const char *,
    const struct option *, int *);
 
#endif /* !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG */

#endif /* !_MYPROXY_GETOPT_H_ */
(yui)

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